A significant portion of American slang arrived via Yiddish, the language of Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe, brought to America by millions of immigrants between 1880 and 1924. These words entered the mainstream and lost some of their context in the translation.
Chutzpah is usually translated as audacity or nerve, but it carries a specific moral edge. The classic definition: chutzpah is killing your parents and then asking the court for mercy because you are an orphan. It describes shameless boldness that ignores consequences. In American usage it is often admiring. In traditional usage it still carries the original warning.
Mensch literally means person in Yiddish. In cultural usage it means a person of integrity, honor, and genuine kindness. Being called a mensch is one of the highest compliments. It combines moral uprightness with warmth and reliability. There is no exact English equivalent.
Tikkun olam means repair of the world. Originally a kabbalistic concept, it has become the central framework for Jewish social justice work. The core obligation: the world is broken and we have a responsibility to fix what we can.
Mitzvah literally means commandment. In common usage, doing a mitzvah means doing a good deed. But the original meaning is stronger: it is an obligation, not a voluntary kindness.
Beshert means destined or fated, usually applied to a romantic partner. Naches is the specific pleasure that comes from the success of someone you love, usually a child. There is no English word for it. These words stuck because they describe things English had no words for.